An Analysis of the Political Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan during the Premiership of Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan (1953–1963)

Abstract

This study provides an analytical assessment of the political relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan during the premiership of Sardar Muhammad Dawood Khan (1953-1963) and focuses on examining the causes and consequences of the conflicts between the two countries, especially the Pashtunistan issue, the regional situation and the role of international powers. This study was conducted using a qualitative (historical-analytical) method, and the data were collected through library research and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings show that the political relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have been constantly tense due to the Pashtunistan issue, border problems and the competition between the superpowers of the Cold War (the United States and the Soviet Union). In addition, Dawood Khan also attached great importance to the issue of the Pashtuns and Pashtunistan and made the protection of the rights of the Pashtuns the center of his policy, which led to tense relations with Pakistan and sometimes even to the point of military confrontation, which led to the severance of diplomatic relations and economic pressure. At the same time, the rejection of Daoud Khan's demands by the United States forced Afghanistan to turn to the Soviet Union, which led to the expansion of Soviet influence in the country. The study also shows that the mediation of Islamic countries and regional actors did not have a significant impact on resolving the conflict, and the political crisis continued until 1963. Finally, after Daoud Khan's resignation, relations between the two countries became relatively normal. Accordingly, the results of this study indicate that balance and regional understanding in the foreign policy structure are crucial for sustainable relations.