A Study of the History of Bala Hesar of Kabul Based on Archaeological Excavations

Abstract

Bala Hesar of Kabul is one of the most important historical and archaeological sites in Afghanistan. Due to its strategic location, continuity of human settlement, and significant role in the political, military, cultural, and religious developments of the city of Kabul, the site holds exceptional historical importance. This study aims to examine the historical and archaeological significance of Bala Hesar of Kabul, identify the successive phases of settlement, investigate its architectural developments, and identify the movable and immovable archaeological remains discovered through excavations. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method. The required information was collected and analyzed through library resources, archaeological excavation reports, archaeological documents and archives, as well as data obtained from archaeological investigations conducted at the site.

The findings indicate that Bala Hesar was not merely a military fortress belonging to the Islamic periods; rather, it is a site with a long historical background, with evidence of settlement extending from the prehistoric and pre-Kushan periods through the Kushan, Hephthalite, Islamic, and later periods. The discovery of architectural remains, a Buddhist stupa, Kushan-period walls, pottery, coins, metal tools, decorative objects, and other cultural artifacts demonstrates the continuity and diversity of human activities at this archaeological site. The results further indicate that Bala Hesar played a fundamental role in the formation and continuity of urban life in Kabul. Therefore, its study is of fundamental importance for understanding the history and culture of Kabul and Afghanistan.

This article has been prepared based on the author's master's thesis in Afghanistan Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Kabul University.