The Historical Development of Education in Afghanistan from 1863 to 1919

Abstract

In the cultural and educational history of Afghanistan, Amir Sher Ali Khan is recognized as the first ruler who initiated a new movement in the field of education and laid the foundation for formal education. Although the educational system during his reign was small in scale and limited in structure, his effort is considered significant, as it marked the first step toward institutionalizing education in the country. Historical evidence indicates that until the second half of the nineteenth century, Afghanistan did not have a clearly defined educational system; rather, education was conducted in a traditional manner within long-established cultural and learning centers such as mosques, Maktabs (elementary schools), and madrasas. This approach was common in many countries during that period. When Amir Sher Ali Khan came to power in 1863, and particularly after he regained authority for a second time following a series of internal conflicts, he initiated domestic reforms that included the establishment of formal education. The development and progress of education from the period of Amir Sher Ali Khan to that of Amir Habibullah Khan went through various stages, at times progressing slowly and at other times more effectively. This article examines the historical development of formal education in Afghanistan between 1863 and 1919. The findings suggest that education during this period began in a formal and semi-modern form and, by the end of Amir Habibullah Khan’s reign, underwent numerous transformations, both positive and negative. Although the tension between socio-cultural traditions and modernity is a natural phenomenon in transitional societies, this issue has remained a prominent and enduring feature in the evolution of education in Afghanistan and continues to persist.